Grazing of early-sown crops by sheep or cattle can also have positive spin-offs in helping to mitigate the effects of frost and disease in some situations and increase availability of affordable feed for stock in early winter.
Research through the Grains Research and Development Corporation's Grain & Graze 2 and 3 projects from 2010 to 2016 has found has found crop grazing is most profitable when:
- A higher stocking rate used is across the whole farm
- Some crops are sown early
- Crops are grazed with highly responsive livestock
- Crop yield penalties are minimised.
Farm adviser and Grain & Graze 2 project leader Philip Barrett-Lennard, of agVivo, outlines some key tips and tools for successful crop grazing in a new GRDC ‘Know More' video called ‘Crop grazing tips for WA mixed growers', available HERE.
This is a short, simple guide to setting up and managing a crop grazing system specifically in Western Australian grainbelt conditions and highlights the potential agronomic and economic gains from adopting this tactic.
The video draws on the findings of the 2010-16 Grain & Graze 2 & 3 crop grazing analysis, which includes data from the Department of Agriculture and Food WA (DAFWA) and a range of trials coordinated by the GRDC's western Regional Cropping Solutions Network (RCSN) groups, WA advisers and grower groups.
Philip said the use of crop grazing in WA has been increasing in the past decade and growers from Geraldton to Esperance were now reaping whole-farm productivity benefits.
He said optimum results occur in the grazing enterprise through provision of quality, low-cost feed to fill the typical autumn/early winter gap and allowing pastures to get away - with little or no penalty to crop yield.
MAKING MONEY FROM CROP GRAZING
Economic modelling conducted through the Graze & Grain 2 and 3 projects indicates crop grazing can improve whole farm profits in some situations and the key drivers are:
- Grazing crops for short periods (two to three weeks) with a high stocking rate (more than two ewes per hectare)
- Or using a lower stocking rate (one to two ewes/ha) for a longer period (four to six weeks)
- Early sowing to help provide crop biomass for grazing in late autumn and early winter
- Minimising grain yield penalties by not over-grazing
- Using an economically responsive class of livestock, such as twin-bearing or pregnant ewes
- Sowing more crop area across the farm.
Philip said, without this combination of tactics, whole farm profit is likely to remain unchanged - or even decline - as too much crop income is sacrificed in the chase for extra livestock income.
He said when crop grazing is managed well, grain yield reductions of only 0-10 per cent should be expected.
"To optimise farm profit, the aim should be to more than offset any such yield loss with an increase in livestock enterprise returns," he said.
As shown in Table 1, modelling of a South Coast WA farm highlighted that profits can be increased (by as much as an extra $34,200) when 1000 kilograms/ha is removed through crop grazing and there is no grain yield penalty. At a 5% grain yield penalty, there was an extra $22,100 in profit from this level of grazing compared to no grazing.
SOW EARLY AND SELECT SUITABLE VARIETIES
Philip said getting crops in the ground prior to the season break could significantly boost the amount of biomass available for grazing in late autumn and early winter, when there is typically a feed shortage in WA.
He said Grain & Graze trials at Wickepin in 2014 and 2016 found crops sown in mid-late April produced 400-2200kg/ha of edible biomass by early-mid July, with about 50% being available by early June. In comparison, late May-sown crops produced 50-200kg/ha of edible biomass by early to mid-July.
"Most crops can be grazed and, in WA, growers typically use spring-type wheat, barley, oat and canola varieties," he said.
"But winter type varieties with a vernalisation requirement for flowering are better suited to this tactic and good options include: the winter feed barley variety Urambie (that can be sown in April with good early vigour and maturity); Currawong and Revenue winter feed wheat varieties; and the milling winter wheat Wedgetail.
"Ideally, WA needs a fast maturing winter wheat variety that can be sown early - but will still flower at a similar time to spring cereal varieties sown in May - and the Australian Grain Technologies-developed line RAC2341 may help to fill this gap in the future."
Several growers in the Great Southern and South Coast regions of WA are experimenting with crop grazing of available winter canola varieties and the vernalisation requirement for flowering means these can be sown in spring, summer or early autumn.
Philip said oats - especially Bannister - are also a good option, especially for the late April-May sowing window.
TIMING THE ENTRY AND REMOVAL OF STOCK
It is recommended to start grazing when the crop is anchored, which is typically three to four weeks after sowing (around the three-leaf stage). This can be checked with a ‘twist and pull' test.
To minimise yield loss, it is advised to graze for about two or three weeks (up to a month) and remove stock before the stem elongation process starts in cereals (before Zadoks Growth Scale stage 30) or after bud formation in canola. But seasonal circumstances may require or allow careful grazing after this time.
Findings from the Grain & Graze analysis indicate grazing crops lightly, by ‘clipping' the top 5cm of the plant, early in the growing season (before GS30), can lead to smaller yield reductions than heavier and later grazing. Crash grazing (down to ground level) is not recommended.
Due to WA's typical mixed farming operations having low livestock numbers and big paddocks, more intensive crop grazing management is often not practical.
Philip said using a low stocking rate for a longer period had been successful in most WA cropping areas, with the potential downside being that livestock often unevenly graze a crop.
He said this rarely caused big yield losses if the grazing period was relatively short (two or three weeks). But there were situations where stocking rates of only one to two ewes/ha had been used from early-July to mid-August without affecting grain yield, leading to significantly higher sheep productivity.
A typical rule-of-thumb in WA has been that every two days of grazing will delay crop flowering by one day.
Philip said this is a useful guide, but the Grain & Graze data indicates flowering delays will be highly variable - including that:
- Earlier sown crops will be more delayed by grazing than later sown crops
- Spring-type varieties will be more delayed than winter-types
- Heavily grazed crops will be more delayed than lighter grazed crops
- Crops grazed during late tillering will be more delayed than those grazed at early tillering.
He said if the delays caused by grazing push flowering date away from a frost event, this potentially has a positive impact on grain yields. But if the delay pushes flowering into a hot and dry period, this could also reduce yields.
It is advised to manage frost and heat stress risks through choice of crop type, variety and sowing time than relying solely on crop grazing tactics.
AVOIDING POTENTIAL PITFALLS OF CROP GRAZING
Some pre and post-emergent herbicides, seed treatments, insecticides and fungicides have a withholding period from grazing after application.
This can be as long as 15 weeks, which can severely limit grazing opportunities, and means the timing of any grazing and spraying operations needs careful management.
Philip said, in many cases, application of post-emergent herbicides and fungicides could be delayed until the end of grazing.
But he said long withholding periods of some pre-emergent herbicides (such as atrazine at 15 weeks in canola) and seed dressings (such as imidacloprid at nine weeks in barley) could make crop grazing in certain situations all but impossible. It is a legal requirement to observe withholding periods.
Research has shown crop grazing can exacerbate grass weed problems in high weed burden paddocks because the stock remove some of the crop canopy and lessen competition with weeds.
But if the weed burden is very low, a short period of light ‘clip' grazing, where only the very top of the canopy is removed, tends to allow the crop to quickly recover from grazing and compete with weeds.
CROP BENEFITS TO THE LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISE
Crops offer significant benefits to livestock in provision of superior feed quality, especially in June and early July.
Grain & Graze trial data show cereal crops consistently have higher metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) levels than annual pastures in early winter.
Philip said at consistent ME levels of 12-14 megajoules per kilogram, very high animal production levels could be achieved with crop grazing - compared to grazing annual pastures with ME levels of 9-11 MJ/kg.
"It is also easy for stock to access crops due to their upright growth habit, leading to high animal intake at low feed-on-offer (FOO) levels," he said.
Grain & Graze trials near Moora found pregnant twin-bearing ewes consistently gained body condition score (CS) - in a range of 0.2-0.5 CS over a three to four week period - during crop grazing of cereals in June, compared to stable or a steady decline in CS of those grazing pastures.
Philip said to avoid any metabolic disorders in stock that are grazing cereals, it is recommended to use a loose mix of calcium, sodium and magnesium and to add hay for fibre when grazing canola.
Useful resources:
GRDC ‘Know More' video Crop grazing tips for WA mixed growers
DAFWA Grazing Crops information hub
